Plain dress is a practice among some religious groups, primarily some Christianity churches in which people dress in clothes of traditional modest design, sturdy fabric, and conservative cut. It is intended to show acceptance of traditional gender roles, modesty, and readiness to work and serve, and to preserve communal identity and separation from the ever-changing fashions of the world. For men, this often takes the form of trousers secured by suspenders, while for women, plain dress usually takes the form of a cape dress along with a headcovering (normatively a kapp or an hanging veil).
History
Christian denominations that observe the wearing of plain dress, such as the Schwarzenau Brethren Anabaptists, do so because
Jesus "condemned anxious thought for raiment" in and .
They teach that the wearing of plain dress is scripturally commanded in , , and ,
in addition to being taught by the early Church Fathers:
In plain communities, women wear Christian headcoverings in keeping with the teaching of Saint Paul in , as well as that of the early Church Fathers.
Practicing groups
The practice is generally found among the following
Anabaptists branches:
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Amish (Old Order Amish, New Order Amish, Kauffman Amish Mennonites, Beachy Amish, Old Beachy Amish),
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Para-Amish (Believers in Christ, Vernon Community, Caneyville Christian Community).
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(Old Order Mennonites, Conservative Mennonites, traditional "Russian" Mennonites, Holdeman Mennonites).
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, (Schmiedeleut, Dariusleut, Lehrerleut, Bruderhof, Hutterite Christian Communities).
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Schwarzenau Brethren (Old Brethren, Old German Baptist Brethren, Old German Baptist Brethren, New Conference, Old Order German Baptist Brethren, Old Brethren German Baptist, Dunkard Brethren).
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River Brethren (Old Order River Brethren, Calvary Holiness Church).
Plain dress is also practiced by some Conservative Friends and Holiness Friends (Quakers), in which it is part of their testimony of simplicity,
as well as Old Regular Baptists, Plymouth Brethren,
Cooperites and fundamentalist Mormon subgroups.
Among traditional Anabaptist groups, plain dress is an expression of their beliefs regarding modesty and veiling, as well as nonconformity to the world—which they see as consistent with the Bible and teachings of the early Church Fathers.
Members of the Moravian Church traditionally wore plain dress.
Historically, were known for wearing plain dress, a tradition carried on by those in the conservative holiness movement, such as communicants of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Evangelical Wesleyan Church,
Adventists wear plain dress as taught by the founder of that faith Ellen White, who asked that they "adopt a simple, unadorned dress of modest length".
Other groups adhering to a conservative dress code include Religious habit, Orthodox Jews, and more conservative Muslims such as Salafi movement, but these forms of dress normally are not called "plain dress".
Practices
Plain dress is attributed to reasons of
theology and
sociology.
In general, plain dress involves the covering of much of the body (often including the head, forearms and calves), with minimal ornamentation, rejecting jewelry and sometimes print fabrics, trims, and fasteners. Non-essential elements of garments such as neckties, collars, and lapels may be minimized or omitted. Practical garments such as
and
may be layered over the basic ensemble. Plain dress garments are often handmade and may be produced by groups of women in the community for efficiency and to ensure uniformity of style. Plain dress practices can extend to the grooming of hair and beards and may vary somewhat to allow children and older people more latitude.
[Reynolds, Margaret C.; Bronner, Simon J. (2001). Plain Women: Gender and Ritual in the Old Order River Brethren Penn State Press. pp. 61–96. ] In plain communities, women traditionally wear Christian headcoverings in keeping with the teaching of
Saint Paul in .
Within these general practices, distinctions abound. Among some groups, the headcovering worn by women is lacy or translucent; in others, it must be opaque.
Anabaptist
The traditional plain dress worn by the
Anabaptists and other religious groups has long sleeves with a set waist, long skirt, and no adornment. It denotes "utility, modesty, long wear and inconspicuousness", does not display any trademark, and is not dictated by fashion trends. Shawl, aprons, bonnets and cap are part of plain dress.
Clothing worn by Bruderhof women includes a headcovering,
Quaker
As a part of their testimony of simplicity,
Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) traditionally wore plain dress; "Ruffles and
lace and other forms of ornamentation, as well as unnecessary cuffs and collars and lapels and buttons, were forbidden."
implored fellow Quakers to wear plain dress:
This classical Quaker belief practice continues to be maintained by Conservative Friends, as well as the Holiness Friends.
Methodist
Early
Methodists wore plain dress, with Methodist clergy condemning "high headdresses, ruffles, laces, gold, and 'costly apparel' in general".
, the founder of the Methodist movement, recommended that Methodists read his thoughts
On Dress, in which he detailed acceptable types and colors of fabrics, in addition to "shapes and sizes of hats, coats, sleeves, and hairstyles";
[Journals of Wesley, Nehemiah Curnock, ed., London: Epworth Press 1938, p. 468.] in that sermon, John Wesley expressed his desire for Methodists: "Let me see, before I die, a Methodist congregation, full as plain dressed as a Quaker congregation."
He also taught, with respect to headcovering, that women, "especially in a religious assembly", should "keep on her veil".
Those who tried to attend Methodist services in costly apparel were denied admittance.
[Rupert Davies, A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain, London : Epworth, 1965, p. 197.] Wesley's teaching was based on his interpretation of and , which he stated led him to conclude that "expensive clothes puff up their wearers, promote vanity, incite anger, inflame lust, retard the pursuit of holiness, and steal from God and the poor."
The 1858 Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection stated that "we would not only enjoin on all who fear God plain dress, but we would recommend to our preachers and people, according to Mr. Wesley's views expressed in his sermon on the inefficiency of Christianity, published but a few years before his death, and containing his matured judgment, distinguishing plainness—
Plainness which will publicly comment them to the maintenance of their Christian profession wherever they may be."
The 1859 novel
Adam Bede portrayed the Methodist itinerant preacher,
Dinah Morris, wearing plain dress, with the words "I saw she was a Methodist, or Quaker, or something of that sort, by her dress".
Peter Cartwright, a Methodist revivalist, lamented the decline of wearing plain dress among Methodists, stating:
While few wear plain dress in mainline Methodism today, Methodist Churches of the conservative holiness movement, such as the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Evangelical Wesleyan Church, continue to dress plainly,
Moravian
Historically, members of the
Moravian Church wore plain dress:
The haube is a Christian headovering that has historically been worn by women who belong to the Moravian Church, at least since the 1730s.
Holiness Pentecostal
Certain Holiness Pentecostal denominations enjoin dress standards for their members; the Calvary Holiness Association, a Holiness Pentecostal denomination, teaches:
Theological bases
Plain dressing Christians cite Paul's advice to the Romans, "Be not conformed to this world," as one Biblical basis for their distinctive dress. Other scripture passages counsel women to wear head coverings while praying (), not to cut their hair (), and for men not to shave or cut their beards ().
[Torrey, Mary Ide (1838). Ornament, or the Christian Rule of Dress Crocker & Brewster.]
The rejection of extravagant clothing is further established in :
Some Mormon Fundamentalist groups such as the FLDS wear plain dress, referring both to Bible and unique Latter Day Saint Scriptures, such as the Book of Alma and the Doctrine and Covenants, which states, "Thou shalt not be proud in thy heart; let all thy garments be plain, and their beauty of the work of thine own hands" (42:40).
Social effects
Plain dress may establish a sense of belonging within the community while also marking the group's members as different in the wider society. Some practitioners describe their dress as a protection from unwanted attention. Quaker minister
Elizabeth Fry considered her plain dress to serve as "a hedge against the world", and "a sort of protector".
[Caton, Mary Anne (2003). " The Aesthetics of Absence: Quaker Women's Plain Dress in the Delaware Valley, 1790–1900" in Emma Jones Lapsansky and Anne A. Verplanck, eds., Quaker Aesthetics: Reflections on a Quaker Ethic in American Design and Consumption, 1720–1920. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 246–271. ] Marketing through the internet has these sites which propagate plain dress: "Quaker Jane", "Plain and Simple Headcoverings", "Rachel's Seamstress Services" and "Mennonite Maidens".
Simple dress, considered "sensible and useful" and necessary, is sometimes hard to find as the clothing market is dictated by fashion-conscious people who consider plain dress dull.
In literature
Dressing heroines in Victorian literature in plain dress is often assumed to be a way of making characters appear classless and sexless.
Others argue that authors like Charlotte Brontë,
George Eliot, and
Anthony Trollope use plain dress to highlight the marriageability of the character, sexualizing her by emphasizing the female body within.
Additionally, plain dress may signify a character's rejection of societal norms and willingness to leave the household to act on her desires.
Gallery
File:Mennonite Women Dressmaking Pennsylvania 1942.jpg|Pennsylvania Dutch Mennonite woman in 1942
File:Mennonite Family - Campeche - Mexico - 02.jpg|An Old Colony Mennonite family in Campeche, Mexico
File:Mennonites on New River, Belize detail.jpg|Old Colony Mennonites on New River, Belize
File:Menonite Children.JPG|Two plain dressed Old Colony Mennonite boys near Lamanai in Belize
File:Hutterer-Crystal Schule1.jpg|Schmiedeleut Hutterites at school
File:Hutterer-Chor1.jpeg|Schmiedeleut singing a hymn
File:Hutterer-Frauen bei der Arbeit.jpg|Schmiedeleut Hutterite women at work
File:Hutterite Sunset.jpg|Schmiedeleut Hutterite women return from working in the fields
File:Amish Family in Aylmer, Ontario.jpg|Amish in Aylmer, Ontario
File:Femmes-Amish.jpg|Amish women at the beach, Chincoteague, Virginia
File:Amish - On the way to school by Gadjoboy-crop.jpg|Amish children on the way to school
File:AmishRakingHay.jpg|Amish man from one of the very plain "one suspender" groups in southeast Ohio
See also
Further reading
External links
